This Research Report sets out a typology of urban forest-based ecosystem services to link the provision of ecosystem services and disservices (those perceived as negative for human well-being) with the four scale-based urban forest elements.

Conclusions are drawn from academic and other published literature from temperate climates on the key urban forest parameters (e.g. tree species, proximity to urban structures and land use) that influence the provision of ecosystem services, and under what circumstances disservices and trade-offs/synergies between different ecosystems services occur. This information can be used to inform urban forest planning and management in Britain to optimise ecosystem service provision for those who live and work in Britain’s towns and cities.