Summary
The method is based on observations of the effects of recent trampling, browsing or grazing by large herbivores (deer, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs) on:
- ground cover
- trees
- other plant indicators
The observed effects are used to determine the level of impact (from ‘no impact’ to ‘very high’) on each indicator.
The results can be used to predict likely future changes in woodland structure and species composition under current impact levels.
They can thus help to determine whether or not the management of large herbivores at a site needs to change to achieve woodland objectives.
This guide was updated on 1 December 2025.
